Spain
See also:
Spanish Empire,
Spanish colonization of the Americas, and
Black ladino
Spain had to fight against relatively powerful civilizations of the
New World. However, the Spanish conquest of the indigenous peoples in the Americas was also facilitated by the spread of diseases (e.g.
smallpox) due to lack of biological immunity.
[200] (like the Europeans that had lack of biological immunity to African diseases) The
Spaniards were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the New World on islands such as
Cuba and
Hispaniola, where the native population starved themselves rather than work for the Spanish. Although the natives were used as forced labor (the Spanish employed the pre-Columbian draft system called the
mita),
[201] the spread of disease caused a shortage of labor, and so the Spanish colonists gradually became involved in the
Atlantic slave trade. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501;
[202] by 1517, the natives had been "virtually annihilated" by the settlers.
[203]
Netherlands
Although slavery was illegal inside the
Netherlands it flourished in the Dutch Empire, and helped support the economy.
[204] By 1650 the Dutch had the pre-eminent slave trade in Europe.
[205] They were overtaken by Britain around 1700. Historians agree that in all the Dutch shipped about 550,000 African slaves across the Atlantic, about 75,000 of whom died on board before reaching their destinations. From 1596–1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves in the Dutch Guianas, 142,000 in the Dutch Caribbean islands, and 28,000 in Dutch Brazil.
[206] In addition, tens of thousands of slaves, mostly from India and some from Africa, were carried to the Dutch East Indies.
[207]
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